Masnumpan nanya, hp vivo ku kan dpn nya dual camera tapi yg aktif cm 1, gmn cara mengganti / menukarkan kamera dpn nya ke lensa 1 lagi? Soal nya sy otak atik ga bs” juga. Maap yg aku pke hape vivo x9s. Tapi mana tau settingan nya sama semua dg vivo yg lain yg selfi nya dual camera. Kalau boleh sekalian pencerahan gmn pake sim2 nya, makasih Bacajuga: Daftar Harga HP Xiaomi Mei 2022: Xiaomi 12 hingga Redmi Note Series. Bocoran Spesifikasi Lengkap iPhone 14 Dikutip dari Specs-tech.com: - iOS 16. - Display Size 6,1 inci. - CPU Apple M1 Kadangdiperlukan untuk memberi catatan pada diri sendiri apa arti dari kode-kode yang dituliskan. dan desain untuk game online menggunakan Unity watermark. Lebih dari beberapa tahun banyak game yang dikembangkan dan dibuat berjalan pada Unity, beberapa lebih ketetapan berada dalam satu bungkus atau masukkan: Butuh Kecepatan: Dunia, yang anyoneknow, where is the watermark dualcamera redmi note 7 (lavender) location ? my last device, mi6x n mi 8 lite, the watermark place is Home. Forums. Top Devices OnePlus 8T ASUS ROG Phone 3 Huawei Mate 40 Pro Xiaomi Redmi 9 Realme X2 Pro Galaxy S21+ Google Pixel 5. New Devices Mar8th 2015, 22:40 GMT. Windows 10 64 bit / Windows 10 / Windows 2008 / Windows 8 64 bit / Windows 8 / Windows 7 64 bit / Windows 7 / Windows Vista 64 Al0F. I have seen in many Android mobile phones specially Chinese brands, whenever you take a photo using the built-in stock Camera app, a “Shot on” watermark is automatically added to the bottom-left corner of the image. The watermark shows mobile phone company name and sometimes the model name as well. Many smartphone manufacturer companies apply this automatic watermark on all photos to promote their brand name and mobile phone model. In most of these mobile phones, the watermark option is enabled by default and the phone automatically puts watermark on all photos taken by the user. In some mobile phones, the watermark also shows user information such as name if set by the user. Personally I don’t like these watermarks on photos. I want a perfect shot not cluttered by watermark and phone information. Many times readers ask me how to get rid of this annoying watermark on photos shot on their mobile phones. Thankfully there is a way to disable or remove the watermark on photos in Google Android mobile phones. The Camera app allows users to show or hide watermark on photos and users can turn on or off watermark feature according to their requirements. If you are also using a smartphone and you want to disable watermark on photos taken by Camera app, this tutorial will help you. Also if your phone supports watermark feature but doesn’t add watermark automatically on photos, this tutorial will help you in adding watermarks on all photos. This tutorial will apply to all Android mobile phones which support watermark feature such as OnePlus, Xiaomi Redmi Poco, Gionee, Vivo, Oppo Realme, etc. It’ll also work on 3rd party Camera apps downloaded from Google Play Store which also support watermark feature. Check out following steps to add or remove watermarks on Camera photos in your Android mobile phones 1. First of all open Camera app in your mobile phone. 2. Now open Settings or Options in your Camera app. In some mobile phones, the Settings or Options icon Cog wheel icon is present at the top-right corner in Camera app. In some mobile phones, you need to swipe from left or bottom to access Camera Settings or Options icon. 3. Once you open Settings or Options page in Camera app, look for Watermark option. Generally its labelled as “Shot on watermark”, “Photo watermark”, “Camera watermark”, “Dual camera watermark”, etc. To disable or remove watermark on photos, set the toggle button given for watermark option to OFF. To add and show watermark on photos, set the toggle button given for watermark option to ON. That’s it. Now your mobile phone will always show or hide watermark on all photos shot by the Camera app based on the option value set by the user. Also Check [Fix] Brightness Increases to Maximum When Opening Camera App in Android Mobile Phone You are here Home » Mobiles and Internet » [Tip] Disable or Remove Watermarks on Camera Photos in Android Mobile Phones Image watermarking has become an important tool for intellectual property protection and authentication. In this paper a watermarking technique is suggested that incorporates two watermarks in a host image for improved protection and robustness. A watermark, in form of a PN sequence will be called the secondary watermark, is embedded in the wavelet domain of a primary watermark before being embedded in the host image. The technique has been tested using Lena image as a host and the camera man as the primary watermark. The embedded PN sequence was detectable through correlation among other five sequences where a PSNR of dB was measured. Furthermore, to test the robustness of the technique, the watermarked image was exposed to four types of attacks, namely compression, low pass filtering, salt and pepper noise and luminance change. In all cases the secondary watermark was easy to detect even when the primary one is severely distorted. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... However, malicious users can modify the original data easily by adding noises or shifting GPS points to avoid hashing-based data verification schemes, such as MD5. Moreover, the conventional ID embedding based verification schemes, which are widely used in protecting copyrights of images [13], audio [16], and videos [5], cannot be applied directly in trajectories for the following reasons. ...... The implementation of data distribution procedure is shown in Algorithm 1. It mainly consists of three stages transaction generation line 1-3, identity information embedding line [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], and data transmission line [12][13]. The bottleneck of the efficiency is the identity information embedding process. ...Trajectory data has been widely used in many urban applications. Sharing trajectory data with effective supervision is a vital task, as it contains private information of moving objects. However, malicious data users can modify trajectories in various ways to avoid data distribution tracking by the hashing-based data signatures, MD5. Moreover, the existing trajectory data protection scheme can only protect trajectories from either spatial or temporal modifications. Finally, so far there is no authoritative third party for trajectory data sharing process, as trajectory data is too sensitive. To this end, we propose a novel trajectory copyright protection scheme, which can protect trajectory data from comprehensive types of data modifications/attacks. Three main techniques are employed to effectively guarantee the robustness and comprehensiveness of the proposed data sharing scheme 1 the identity information is embedded distributively across a set of sub-trajectories partitioned based on the spatio-temporal regions; 2 the centroid distance of the sub-trajectories is served as a stable trajectory attribute to embed the information; and 3 the blockchain technique is used as a trusted third party to log all data transaction history for data distribution tracking in a decentralized manner. Extensive experiments were conducted based on two real-world trajectory datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.... The watermark is then embedded in the transformed coefficients of the image such that the watermark is invisible and more robust for some image processing operations. Finally, the coefficients are inverse-transformed to obtain the watermarked image [4], [7]. ...... When one-level 2-D DWT is applied to an image, four transform coefficient sets are created. The four sets are LL, HL, LH, and HH, where the first letter corresponds to applying either a low pass or highpass filtering to the rows, and the second letter refers to the filter applied to the columns [4], [7]. The process of multiple frequency decomposition of one level is illustrated in wavelet analysis of an original image can divide image into an approximate image LL and three detail images LH, HL and HH., the approximate image hold most of the information of the original Image, while the others contain some details such as the edge and textures will be represented by large coefficients in the high frequency sub-bands [15]. ...... Eq. 11 shows an example of a 4×4 Hadamard matrix, which H 2 is obtained using 9 and 10. 2 1 1 ...... This result has the same with the values in 17. And the inverse WHT of X is obtained as follows 2,4,6]. The computation of FWHT algorithm can be illustrated in Fig. 1 [17]. ...... For instance, in 0, the authors proposed a dual watermarking technique in the DWT domain for intellectual property protection and authentication. In [3], a DCT-DWT approach is presented combining image authentication primary watermark and compression of color components secondary watermark. In [4], a JPEG2000-based approach is presented to protect content integrity by embedding a fragile and a robust watermark into different resolution layers and different embedding regions of a host image. ...... The aim is to allow admissible manipulations such as JPEG compression, but to reject malicious manipulations that change the visual content. Commonly used techniques extract features representing the image content and re-embed these features as watermark information into the host image data [3], [4], [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. Some approaches involve image positions of edges, contours or zerocrossings in the spatial domain whose existence is proved during the verification process. ...Mathias SchlauwegDima PröfrockBenedikt ZeibichErika MüllerA digital watermarking approach highly robust to lossy image compression is presented. It is shown how geometrically warping objects can be used to imperceptibly embed information into images for the purpose of property rights protection. Common lossy image compression is optimized for maintaining the geo-metric image structure. Hence, as we demonstrate, the embedded information is not affected by a successive embedding approach in the compression domain. This second watermarking scheme is used for an efficient JPEG2000-based image authentication, which is robust to JPEG compression and other allowed signal processing operations. We enhance positive wavelet-based water-marking approaches proposed in recent years by image adaptive perceptual modeling and error correction coding without raising a security gap. Our new method is secure in contrast to most of the schemes proposed so far. Lots of popular features of the JPEG2000 compression framework such as quality and resolution scalability, lossless image rotation and flipping are supported. All coefficients of the wavelet decomposition are protected using our new extended scalar quantization and hashing scheme.... The watermark is then embedded in the transformed coefficients of the image such that the watermark is invisible and more robust for some image processing operations. Finally, the coefficients are inversetransformed to obtain the watermarked image [4], [7]. ...... When one-level 2-D DWT is applied to an Image, four transform coefficient sets are created. The four sets are LL, HL, LH, and HH, where the first letter corresponds to applying either a low pass frequency operation or highpass frequency operation to the rows, and the second letter refers to the filter applied to the columns [4], [7]. Which is shown in wavelet analysis of an original image can be divided into an approximate image LL and three detail images LH, HL and HH. , the approximate image hold most of the information of the original image, while the others contain some details such as the edge and textures will be represented by large coefficients in the high frequency sub-bands [15]. ...P Ramana Reddy Munaga V N K PrasadD. Sreenivasa RaoThe central idea of this paper is to develop an algorithm that embeds the watermark information without much distortion to the Image , while making it possible to extract the watermark by use of correlation. We begin by modifying the frequency coefficients of the Image, based on human visual systems perception of Image content, which is used to embed a watermark such that its amplitude is kept below the distortion sensitivity of the pixel and thus preserving the Image quality . The operation of embedding and extraction of the watermark is done in frequency domain , and it is checked for different noise attacks like salt and pepper and Gaussian. We spread spectrum technique for watermarking, such as pseudo random sequences enabling an easier generation, encryption and much better detection of the watermark .This water marking scheme deals with the extraction of the watermark information in the absence of original Image blind watermarking, also we make use correlation based watermark detection.... Evidently, this scenario is considered as an extension to the traditional single-watermark embedding schemes and exhibits minimal modifications with moderate security performance [6,13,28,34]. In the second, the fragile and robust watermarks are embedded sequentially in a dynamic manner [33,36,46,49]. However, the second embedding stage must not introduce a serious change to the former embedding. ... Hazem Munawer Al-OtumImage watermarking has been developed, recently, to meet the various concerns in multimedia copyright protection and forgery detection due to the explosive growth in multimedia sharing applications. In this work, a novel dual color image watermarking is developed for copyright protection, authentication and recovery applications. The proposed scheme is semifragile with three main pillars a the utilization of the WPT features for mark embedding by creating the so-called nested WPT trees, b the insertion of the optimizing stage, before embedding, to aid proper selection of the scheme parameters for both robust and fragile mark bits, and, c the development of the multi-level thresholding and selective quantization procedure that aims at modifying the nominated WPT locations only when required. Here, the input color image is split into its three color RGB triplets that are applied sequentially to WPT, then, nested trees that link the color triplets are created. Two watermarks are embedded into the obtained nested trees in a dual-watermarking approach. Here, the image digests are prepared, in the YCbCr domain, and used for recovery purposes. An optimizing procedure is developed to determine the proper locations, within each tree, for embedding of the digests for recovery purposes. At the extraction stage, the extracted robust mark bits are linked to the extracted authentication mark bits to construct the final extracted robust watermark, while the authentication mark bits are stepped forward to be used for authentication and recovery applications by mining the hidden image digest bits. Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme has a high imperceptibility performance and could survive severe unintentional attacks. In case of intentional attacks, the scheme has shown a high forgery detection accuracy and recovery performance.... Image processing is defined as certain mathematical operations with the use of signal processing, where the input might be image, picture, image collection, video or photo frame, while image processing's output might be image or set of image-associated parameters or features [1][2][3]. A lot of image processing approaches involves view the images as two-dimesional 2D signal as well as utilizing standard approaches for signal processing. ...Information security is considered as one of the important issues in the information age used to preserve the secret information throughout transmissions in practical applications. With regard to image encryption, a lot of schemes related to information security were applied. Such approaches might be categorized into 2 domains; domain frequency and domain spatial. The presented work develops an encryption technique on the basis of conventional watermarking system with the use of singular value decomposition SVD, discrete cosine transform DCT, and discrete wavelet transform DWT together, the suggested DWT-DCT-SVD method has high robustness in comparison to the other conventional approaches and enhanced approach for having high robustness against Gaussian noise attacks with using denoising approach according to DWT. Mean square error MSE in addition to the peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR specified the performance measures which are the base of this study's results, as they are showing that the algorithm utilized in this study has high robustness against Gaussian noise attacks.... The invisible watermark is used for protection/back up of the visible watermark. In [18], a dual watermarking technique based on DWT was done, a secondary watermark of PN sequence was embedded in the DWT domain of a primary watermark. ... Anu BajajDigital watermarking has become a promising research area to address the challenges faced by the rapid distribution of digital content over the internet. Secret message, logo or label is embedded into multimedia data such as text, image, audio, and video some imperceptibly for various applications like copyright protection, authentication, and tamper detection etc., known as watermarks. Based on the requirement of the application the watermark is extracted or detected by detection device. Digital watermarking gives a seamless interface to the users so that they may be capable of transparently utilizing protected multimedia as compared to traditional methods of security. In this paper, an outline of digital image watermarking and extensive/exhaustive survey of the various techniques used in the area of image watermarking is presented. Keywords— Digital Watermarking, Spatial domain, DCT, DWT, Arnold Transform, Contuorlet Transform, SVD. I. INTRODUCTION The internet has revolutionized many aspects of our lives. The use of information and communication technology ICT in day to day processes is continuously rising around the world. Therefore, it seems intuitive that applying internet use to provide real time coverage of stories, publishing newspapers, magazines, music, still images and enhanced video sequences would yield commercial benefits by providing a fast and inexpensive way to distribute their work. It becomes very easy to search and develop any digital content on the internet. But there is a serious problem faced about unauthorized and illegal access and manipulation of multimedia files over internet. Everybody can obtain copies of copyrighted multimedia openly at low cost and with no loss of information, for the commercial profit. That is so called intelligent property piracy. Digital watermarking has come to the attentions of many researchers to protect the Intellectual property rights of publishers, artists, distributers and photographers. Digital watermarking can be defined as to insert a secret message or logo into the original media source by using signal processing method. It provides a high level of security; as the location of embedded information is secret, and the watermark algorithm is also not public. Digital watermarking consists of watermarking structure, an embedding algorithm and extraction or detection algorithm. Generally, the effective and efficient watermarking scheme should satisfy certain properties to be reliable, such as imperceptibility, invisibility, unambiguity, low complexity, and either fragility or robustness, based on the watermarking application [2]. Also, digital watermarks should be difficult to remove or change without damaging the host signal. Watermarking is used for various applications viz. copyright protection, broadcast monitoring, authentication, fingerprinting. Watermarking techniques can be classified in various ways. Whether there is the need of the original image for watermark extraction or detection, watermarking is classified to blind, semi-blind and non-blind watermarking techniques. It can be classified on the basis of visibility of watermark, whether visible or invisible. On the basis of how the watermark be embedded in the image; either by changing the pixels spatial or by transformation domain. This paper is organized into six sections. The subsequent section briefly explains the watermarking system. Section III discuss about watermarking requirements and its applications. Section IV talk about the theoretical foundations of watermarking algorithms. Section V gives the comprehensive study of existing algorithms. And we conclude this paper in Section VI.... Watermarking is mainly used for copy protection and copyright-protection [4], [5]. For any watermarking technique to be valid, it must satisfy three important requirements perceptual invisibility, robustness against various image processing attacks, as well as security [6]. ... Ghassan MahmoodDigital watermarking is a technology to ensure and facilitate data authentication, security and copyright protection of digital media. In this paper, we employ a dual image watermarking and cryptography to achieve the requirements of robustness and security. In this method, the first watermark is encrypted by using a secret key and embedded it into the second watermark and then the result is embedded into the cover image. As well as we take some data from the cover image and add it to the second watermark to confirm the validity of the cover file and reliability of watermark. Also, we hide the secret key into the second watermark for more safety. Finally, experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed method.... This transform is advantageous than the others transforms. Applying DWT on the digital image divides it into four non overlapping sub bands called LL, LH, HL and HH [13]. Coarse scale of DWT coefficients is represented by LL while fine scale coefficients are represented by LH, HL and HH sub bands. ...Sangeeta Yadav Priyanka AnandIn today’s world, a large number of data is available on the Internet. It is almost impossible to deal with numerous challenges like copyright protection, content identification, verification and authentication of digital data. Watermarking is a technique that is used all over the world to solve the issue of copyright protection. Digital watermarking is used due to its wide range of applications from copyright protection, protection of digital data, digital fingerprinting to author authentication to many more. This paper mainly deals with a different video watermarking technique based on frequency domain and their comparison is evaluated on the basis of Peak-Signal-To-Noise PSNR Ratio. This comparison is done in the MATLAB/Simulink which is an interactive tool for simulation purposes.... This technique proved to be more robust than the DCT method when embedded zero-tree wavelet compression and halftoning were performed on the watermarked images. Maha Sharkas et al. [11] Senior Members IEEE, proposed a dual digital image watermarking technique for improved protection and robustness. They applied frequency domain technique DWT into the primary watermark image and then embedded secondary watermark in the form of a PN sequence. ...... The watermark embedding procedure is depicted in followed by a detailed explanation [11][12][13][14] ...Encryption and watermarking are complementary lines of defense in protecting multimedia content. Recent watermarking techniques have therefore been developed independent from encryption techniques. In this paper, we present a hybrid image protection scheme to establish a relation between the data encryption key and the watermark. Prepositioned secret sharing allows the reconstruction of different encryption keys by communicating different activating shares for the same prepositioned information. Each activating share is used by the receivers to generate a fresh content decryption key. In the proposed scheme, the activating share is used to carry copyright or usage rights data. The bit stream that represents this data is also embedded in the content as a visual watermark. When the encryption key needs to change, the data source generates a new activating share, and encrypts the corresponding data with the key constructed from the new activating share. Before transmission, the encrypted data is embedded in a multimedia stream. Each receiver can extract the encrypted data from the host image, and decrypt this data after reconstructing the same key. Our presentation will include the application of the scheme to a test image, and a discussion on the data hiding capacity, watermark transparency, and robustness to common attacks. Keywords discrete cosine transform, discrete wavelet transform, and international data encryption algorithm IDEA, Bit correct ratio.... In [4], the dual watermark is a combination of a visible and an invisible one, curried out in a spatial domain. The scheme proposed in [5], the secondary watermark image is embedded in the wavelet domain of a primary watermark before being embedded in the host image. ... Huda NajiImage watermarking has become an important tool for intellectual property protection and authentication. In this paper a watermarking technique is suggested that two visible watermarks in a host image for improved protection and robustness. If one of watermarks is tampered , the other watermark be used as a back up . We propose three watermarking schemes called visible dual watermarking using wavelet transform two schemes are working in wavelet domain and the other is a mixture of spatial and wavelet domains .The Proposed watermarking method is robust against attacks like DCT , DWT and JPEG compression schemes ,and some geometric manipulation like image resizing .... For any watermarking technique to be valid, it must satisfy three important requirements namely perceptual invisibility, robustness against various image processing attacks, as well as security [4]. ...In this paper, a video watermark technique is proposed. The proposed technique depends on inserting invisible watermark in Low Frequency DCT domain using pseudo random number PN sequence generator for the video frames instead of high or mid band frequency components. This technique has been realized using Matlab and VHDL. The system has been implemented on Xilinx chip XC5VLX330T. The result of implementation shows that maximum frequency MHZ. The experimental and implementation results has been demonstrated and discussed.... In [2], authors highlighted that the invisible digital image watermarking can carry the significant information. Authors [3] discussed the algorithm to increase the robustness and protection. In paper [4], A. Essaouabi, E. Ibnelhaj, F. Regragui explained watermarking scheme that can embed a watermark to an arbitrarily shaped object in an image. ...paper gives the idea of the method digital image watermarking algorithm which is new popular topic for research. The Discrete wavelet is the tool used for digital image watermarking. Wavelet transform has been applied widely in watermarking research as its excellent multi- resolution analysis property. The watermark logo is embedded based on the frequency coefficients of the discrete wavelet transform. The detailed wavelet coefficients of high frequency band of the host image are altered by the watermark logo. The algorithm has been tested for different types of host images under the presence of attacks like Jpeg compression, bit planer reduction, cropping, warping etc. The watermark logo is added in the host image in frequency domain which gets spread over the whole part of the host image in time domain. The existing system is robust to provide the security.... The watermark extraction scheme is the inverse of embedding procedure. S. Maha et al.[5] proposes a wavelet based watermarking algorithm. Two watermarks are embedded. ...Embedding of the digital watermark in an electronic document proves to be a viable solution for the protection of copyright and for authentication. In this paper we proposed a watermarking scheme based on wavelet transform, genetic programming GP and Watson distortion control model for JPEG2000. To select the coefficients for watermark embedding image is first divided into 32×32 blocks. Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT of each block is obtained. Coefficients in LH, HL and HH subbands of each 32×32 block are selected based on the Just Noticeable Difference JND. Watermark is embedded by carefully chosen watermarking level. Choice of watermarking level is very important. The two important properties robustness and imperceptibility depends on good choice of watermarking level. GP is used to obtain mathematical function representing optimum watermarking level. The proposed scheme is tested and gives a good compromise between the robustness and study proposes a novel method for multipurpose image watermarking for both ownership verification and tampered region localization. Two watermarks robust and fragile are inserted into the host image. Robust watermark insertion is done by PSO particle swarm optimization optimized scaling of the singular values; utilizing the singular value decomposition SVD. Doing so, leads to reduction in visibility changes better imperceptibility of host image as well as enhanced performance of watermarked image towards attacks better robustness. Fragile watermark insertion is done by making use of SVD and chaotic sequence block feature’s dependent. The image is first divided into non overlapped blocks and block based Arnold transformed is performed. Then after, block grouping is done of scrambled blocks to breakdown their independence in order to sustain the vector quantization and collage attacks. The proposed scheme is tested against various signal processing attacks and results shows a good existing watermarking schemes usually have only a single function, a region-adaptive semi-fragile dual watermarking scheme is proposed, taking into account both watermark embedding capacity and security. The dual watermarks refer to the robust watermark and the fragile watermark. The original image is divided into three regions, a no watermark region, a fragile watermark region, and a robust watermark region, and, then, the interrelated robust and fragile watermarks are embedded into different regions. The robust and fragile watermarks do not relate to embedding order, and the extracted fragile watermark further strengthens the extracted robust watermark, which makes it more adaptable to the Human Visual System HVS. Different techniques have been developed to embed different types of watermarks. To increase the embedding capacity and achieve blind extraction, a status code technology was used to embed the robust watermark. To resist the erase attack and achieve blind extraction, a new special bit substitution technology is proposed to embed the fragile watermark. The experimental results show that the proposed dual watermark scheme has higher PSNR, better security, and larger capacity and also achieves the dual functions of copyright protection and integrity YangIn order to enhance the robustness of roust watermark technology, a zero-watermark technology is proposed based on discrete wavelet transformation DWT and singular value decompositionSVD. It conducts DWT with the original image, divides its low frequency band into blocks, and conducts SVD with every block. Zero-watermark is derived by judging the parity of the first digit of the biggest singular value in every block. Experiments show that it possesses strong robustness against various YangThe single watermark algorithms always merely have single function. In order to overcome the drawback, a multi-purpose dual watermark algorithm is proposed in the paper, taking advantage of the stability of singular values. It divides the original image into several blocks, and inserts robust watermark into their singular values. Then it inserts the fragile watermark into LSB in the space domain of previous watermarked image. Moreover, it designs a rule to distinguish malicious tamper from unintentional tamper. It tests not only robust watermark's robustness towards attacks, but also fragile watermark's influence towards robustness as well as the ability to tamper detection and localization. The experimental results show that the robust watermark possesses strong robustness to resist attacks, and that the fragile watermark is very sensitive to tamper and has good accuracy of tamper localization. Therefore it can achieveD. KannanM. GobiThe improvements in internet technologies and growing demands on online multimedia businesses have made digital copyrighting as a major challenge for businesses that are associated with online content distribution via diverse business models including pay-per-view, subscription, trading, etc. Copyright protection and evidence for rightful ownership are the major issues associated with the distribution of any digital images. Digital watermarking is a probable solution for digital content owners that offer security to the digital content. In recent years, digital watermarking plays a vital role in providing the apposite solution and numerous researches have been carried out. In this paper, an extensive review of the prevailing literature related to the image watermarking is presented together with classification by utilising an assortment of techniques. In addition, a terse introduction about the digital watermarking is presented to get acquainted with the vital information on the subject of digital massive spreading of broadband networks and new developments in digital technology has made ownership protection and authorisation of digital multimedia a very important issue. The reason is the availability of powerful tools for editing, lossless copying and transmission of digital multimedia such as images. Image watermarking is now an effective solution for the problem of authentication and protection of copyrighted image content. In this paper, discrete wavelet transform DWT-based watermarking technique is proposed in which mean energy of the each of 32 × 32 block in the CH and CV subbands is calculated and range of coefficients that exceed the mean energy of the block are selected for watermark embedding. Watson perceptual distortion control model is considered to keep the perceptual quality of the image and genetic programming GP is used to provide optimum watermarking level for the selected coefficients. The results show that there is almost no difference between original and watermarked image demonstrating key feature of imperceptibility. The technique has been tested and proves to be effective against a set of malicious attacks. Jobin AbrahamProposed image watermarking scheme embeds identification watermark in certain selected regions where modifications introduced during the process of watermarking is less sensitive to HVS Human Visual System. Edge detectors are used to estimate regions in the image where intensity changes rapidly. Modifications to such pixel will not attract the attention of human eyes. Watermark is thus integrated imperceptibly into the digital images. The proposed is a scheme for embedding a unique index number as watermark for content tracking and SarmaAmrita GangulyThe emerging interest in the field of digital watermarking is due to the increase in concern over copyright protection of digital information and prevention of unauthorized access and manipulation of digital data. In this paper, a new robust and blind digital image watermarking algorithm based on combined DCT-DWT transformation is proposed. The host image is decomposed into four subbands using the first level DWT and then second level DWT is performed on the HL subband. The two smaller sub bands of the HL sub band LH2 and HL2 are used to embed the watermark in order to enhance the security of the algorithm. Here, 8x8 DCT is carried out on these two subbands and the middle frequency coefficients of the DCT blocks are selected to embed the watermark. Experimental results show that the new algorithm provides high imperceptibility as well as high robustness against different attacks such as JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, Salt & Pepper noise, Speckle noise, Scaling property protection of digital images and multimedia is a prickly and largely unsolved problem. A highly robust biometric, dual watermarking technique using hand vein feature is proposed in this paper for securing digital images. In visible watermarking, the hand vein feature of an individual is embedded to the host image using Discrete Cosine Transform DCT in spatial domain. The invisible watermark is then EX-ORed with the bit planes of visible watermarked image. The hand vein biometric characteristic has been used to measure the identity of the recipient. This dual watermarking technique establishes owner's right to the NinSergio RicciardiDigital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a noise-tolerant digital signal such as image or audio data. Such information is embedded in a way difficult to be removed in order to easily identify relevant information for many different purposes, such as the copyright ownership of the media, source tracking, piracy deterrence, etc. There is an extensive literature about watermarking algorithms and methods as well as possible attack techniques. In this work we collect a part of this vast literature in order to make easier for a non-expert reader about watermarking to have a high-level overview on new trends and technologies related to multimedia watermark algorithms and late security problems related to smart cards have seen a significant rise and the risks of the attack are of deep concern for the industries. In this context, smart card industries try to overcome the anomaly by implementing various countermeasures. In this paper we discuss and present a powerful attack based on the vulnerability of the linker which could change the correct byte code into malicious one. During the attack, the linker interprets the instructions as tokens and are able to resolve them. Later we propose a countermeasure which scrambles the instructions of the method byte code with the Java Card Program Counter jpc. Without the knowledge of jpc used to decrypt the byte code, an attacker cannot execute any malicious byte code. By this way we propose security interoperability for different Java Card platforms. Hong ShenBo ChenWatermarking as a powerful technique for copyright protection, content verification, covert communication and so on, has been studied for years, and is drawing more and more attention recently. There are many situations in which embedding multiple watermarks in an image is desired. This paper proposes an effective approach to embed dual watermarks by extending the single watermarking algorithms in Xie and Shen 2005 [1] and Xie and Shen 2006 [2] for numerical and logo watermarking, respectively. Experimental results show that the resulting dual watermarking algorithms have a significantly higher PSNR than existing dual watermarking algorithms and also retain the same robustness as and higher sensitivity than the original single watermarking algorithms on which they are is a technique which consists in introducing a brand, the name or the logo of the author, in an image in order to protect it against illegal copy. The capacity of the existing watermark channel is often limited. We propose in this paper a new robust method which consists in adding the triangular matrix of the mark obtained after the Schur decomposition to the DCT transform of the host image. The unitary matrix acts as secret key for the extraction of the mark. Unlike most watermarking algorithms, the host image and the mark have the same size. The results show that our method is robust against attack techniques as JPEG compression, colors reducing, adding noise, filtering, cropping, low rotations, and histogram ZhangLi MaXiu-juan XingCurrently, robust, invisible double digital watermarking technology becomes the most popular and challenging direction, it has aroused great concern in the international community in recent years. The single watermark algorithms always merely have single function. In order to overcome the drawbacks, a multi-purpose dual watermark algorithm based on wavelet transform and image partition is presented in the paper. The algorithm embeds both robust watermark and fragile watermark to one video sequence by using DWT and multiple embedded methods. The later embedded fragile watermark is served for the early robust watermark. The experiment results show the proposed algorithm is more robust and imperceptible, and it can achieve copyright protection and content authentication at the same YeA robust zero-watermark algorithm is proposed, which is based on singular value decomposition and discreet cosine transform. The image is firstly spilt into non-overlapping blocks. Afterwards, every block is conducted with singular value decomposition, and its singular value matrix is transformed with discreet cosine transform. The robust zero-watermark sequence is derived from comparing the numerical relationship between two direct coefficients from adjacent blocks. Experimental results of robustness tests show that it has good robustness against various YeTwo robust zero-watermark algorithms in hybrid transform domains are proposed. The first one is realized in hybrid transform domains of discreet cosine transform DCT and singular value decomposition SVD, and the other one is realized in hybrid transform domains of discreet wavelet transform DWT, DCT and SVD. The first algorithm divides an image into non-overlapping blocks, transforms every block with DCT, and conducts SVD on the upper left corner of every block’s DCT matrix. Finally, it produces the zero-watermark sequence by judging the parity of norm’s highest digit. The second algorithm transforms an image with DWT, divides its LL band into non-overlapping blocks, and transforms every block with DCT, then conducts SVD on the upper left corner of every block’s DCT matrix. Finally, it produces the zero-watermark sequence by judging the parity of norm’s highest digit. It is easy to find out that both of them have perfect visual effect. Experimental results show that as to images with different textures, both of them have good robustness against various Yong-mei Ma LiXing Xiu-juanWang Kai-fenResearch of robust and invisible double digital watermark is one of the hot fields currently, and it has received considerable attention. To change the situation that many methods about watermarking are based on embedding one single watermark, a new double digital watermark algorithm on the basis of discrete cosine transformation and image blocks is presented. The algorithm embeds both robust watermark and fragile watermark to one video sequence by using DCT and multiple embedded methods. The later embedded fragile watermark is served for the early robust watermark. The experiment results verify the algorithm achieves better robustness and imperceptibility. Yanyou WuQianqian ShiKun WangYangjiao SongThe electrochemical approach coupled with Sb microelectrode was developed to determine the carbonic anhydrase activity in a wide range. The sensing response of the microelectrode had a good linear relationship between potential and pH value in barbital buffer. The temperature would not affect the linear relationship. During the determination, the open-circuit potential method was taken to monitor the whole course of the reversible conversion catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, and then the initial part of uniform velocity from the reaction curve was chosen to calculate the reaction velocity the time to change one unit of pH. This technique, in comparison with the conventional method was used to determine the activities of bovine red blood cells carbonic anhydrase, foliar carbonic anhydrase and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in some plants. The result showed that the electrochemical approach coupled with Sb microelectrode would obtain more credible, accurate data than the conventional method. KeywordspH change–Carbonic anhydrase–Sb microelectrodes–Open-circuit potential OCPIn this chapter, a robust image watermarking algorithm in discrete wavelet transform DWT domain for stereo image coding is presented. First, a disparityimage is computed from the pair of stereo images using a frequency domain based matching criteria. Later, this disparity-image is used as a watermark and embedded into the left stereo image based on a modifying singular values concept. The strength of watermark is optimized using a real coded genetic algorithm to achieve the task of invisibility and robustness. The proposed scheme can achieve the following three main advantages. Any illegal user can not extract any information from the watermarked image since the host image is degraded using the ZIG-ZAG sequence. The second is that a legal user can retrieve the embedded watermark disparity-image and so able to recover 3-D information and right image of the stereo-pair. The third advantage is its robustness to the various attacks. Experimental results are presented to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithm in terms of accuracy and novel adaptive dual image watermarking technique is suggested and tested. The technique embeds a PN sequence which is the primary watermark into an image a secondary watermark and the resulting image is then embedded in the host image. The technique is implemented in the wavelet domain and the embedding factor alpha is first chosen arbitrary so as to improve the invisibility and robustness and then chosen adaptively depending on the energy content of the image to be watermarked in order to improve the performance. The technique is implemented on several gray scale images and then on several color images. The best achieved peak signal to noise ratio PSNR in case of gray scale images reached db whereas in color images it was YeZhaofeng MaXinxin NiuYixian YangThe copyright protection of digital content is one of the aims of digital right management DRM, among which digital watermarking is one of the key supporting technologies. This paper proposes a robust zero-watermark algorithm, which produces the zero-watermark sequence according to the parity of the first digit of the biggest singular value in every block. It essentially doesn't embed any watermark in the original image, thus the watermarked image is the same as its original counterpart. Experimental results show that it has good robustness against various attacks. Moreover, its computation is so low that it is easy to be applied into the practice of digital rights watermarking is a promising technique to help protect data security and intellectual property rights. In a digital watermarking scheme, it is not convenient to carry the original image all the time in order to detect the owner's signature from the watermarked image. Moreover, for those applications that require different watermark for different copies, it is preferred to utilize some kind of watermark independent algorithm in extraction does not need a priori knowledge of the watermark. In this paper we present a new hybrid watermarking scheme based on independent component analysis and the RGB decomposition. We present a novel strategic invisible approach for insertion-extraction of a digital watermark a color image, into color images. The novelty of our scheme makes use of Blind Source Separation model by manipulating the least significant levels of the blue channel so as not to bring about a perceptible change in the marked published machine vision algorithms are designed to be real-time and fully automatic with low computational complexity. These attributes are essential for applications such as stereo robotic vision. Motion Picture Digital Visual Effect facilities, however, have massive computation resources available and can afford human interaction to initialise algorithms and to guide them towards a good solution. On the other hand, motion pictures have significantly higher accuracy requirements and other unique challenges. Not all machine vision algorithms can readily be adapted to this environment. In this paper we outline the requirements of visual effects and indicate several challenges involved in using image processing and machine vision algorithms for stereo motion picture visual image watermarking is frequently used for many purposes, such as image authentication, fingerprinting, copyright protection, and tamper proofing. Imperceptibility and robustness are the watermark requirements of good watermarks. In this paper, we propose the Fast Walsh Hadamard transform FWHT combined with the Discrete Cosine Transform DCT as a new image watermarking scheme. The FWHT reorders the high-to-low sequence components contained in the signal. This scheme produces high perceptual transparency of the embedded watermark. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has good visual perception and is robust against Chen Hong ShenXie and Shen improved Barni's basic pixelwise masking model and proposed a more robust wavelet-based watermarking algorithm against attacks including filtering, noise addition and compression. By extending their work, a new robust fragile double image watermarking algorithm is presented. Using the improved pixel-wise masking model and a new bit substitution based on pseudo-random sequence, our method embeds robust watermark and fragile watermark into the insensitive robust part and sensitive part of the wavelet coefficients of the host image respectively. This makes the two watermarks non-interfering and increases the watermarking capacity of the host image without reducing watermark robustness. Experimental results validated these desirable properties of the proposed method, and showed that our method has a higher PSNR than the existing double image watermarking schemes, while retaining the same robustness as the single watermarking MorganWe see the field of metareasoning to be the answer to many large organizational problems encountered when putting together an understandable cognitive architecture, capable of commonsense reasoning. In this paper we review the EM1 implementation of the Emotion Machine critic-selector architecture, as well as explain the current progress we have made in redesigning this first version implementation. For this purpose of redesign and large-scale implementation, we have written a novel programming language, Funk2, that focuses on efficient metareasoning and procedural reflection, the keystones of the critic-selector architecture. We present an argument for why the Funk2 programming language lends itself to easing the burden on programmers that prefer to not be restricted to strictly declarative programming paradigms by allowing the learning of critic and selector activation strengths by credit assignment through arbitrary procedural this paper we propose a DWT based dual watermarking technique wherein both blind and non-blindalgorithms are used for the copyright protection of the cover/host image and the watermark use the concept of embedding two watermarks into the cover image by actually embedding only one, toauthenticate the source image and protect the watermark simultaneously. Here the DWT coefficients of theprimary watermark logo are modified using another smaller secondary binary image sign and the midfrequencycoefficients of the cover/host image. Since the watermark has some features of host imageembedded in it, the security is increased two-fold and it also protects the watermark from any misuse orcopy attack. For this purpose a new pseudorandom generator based on the mathematical constant p hasbeen developed and used successfully in various stages of the algorithm. We have also proposed a newapproach of applying pseudo-randomness in selecting the watermark pixel values for embedding in thecover image. In all the existing techniques the randomness is incorporated in selecting the location toembed the watermark. This makes the embedding process more unpredictable. The cover image which iswatermarked with the signed-logo is subjected to various attacks like cropping, rotation, JPEGcompression, scaling and noising. From the results it has been found that it is very robust and has goodinvisibility as has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.

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